Disciplines In Health Promotion Health And Social Care Essay

Disciplines In Health Promotion Health And Social Care Essay In the past years there has been an increasing expectation of new strategies and ideas concerning Public Health and Health Promotion with regards to effectiveness, efficiency and the importance of a wide range of various disciplines contributing to enhance the uses of resources and the practice of health promotion (Macdonald and Bunton 2004). This assignment will explore with critical reflections and throw more light on the importance of the various disciplines such as psychology, sociology, economics and ethics that contribute to improve the practice of health promotion. Discussions will include the relevance of economics, sociology and ethics to the practice of health promotion and ways in which these can contribute to understanding and evaluating health promotion. Finally it is expected that this assignment will highlight the problems and challenges identified, address them and make recommendations for professional practice. CONCEPT OF HEALTH The most acceptable known definition of health, states that health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO 1946). However, although this definition has been accepted widely as a holistic and positive interpretation of health, it has been criticised for not including the spiritual and emotional aspects of health (Ewles and Simnett 2003 cited in Bennett et al 2009 p. 48). The question is what really informs the understanding of health and ill health considering the lay people and the practitioner is that, the definition of health is entirely personal to the individual and his/her life styles. This has become necessary that healthcare professional should understand that the interpretation of health is highly understood differently from one person to the other with regards to issues militating against them from one point of time such as self-esteem, social support, individual control and social status (Laverack 2007), so that in an attempt to address these issues one should be ready to consider to embrace and undertake interventions of health promotions to achieve realistic goals. Blaxter (1990) identified five main concepts of health as follows, health as a physical fitness, health as social relationships, health as a function, health as psychosocial well-being, that prevails with young men of higher socioeconomic groups and lastly, health as not ill that is the absence of symptoms or medical effort widely used by all group. The term health promotion describes a multidimensional approach to encouraging health related lifestyle changes among individuals and communities (Laverack 2007). Health promotion aims to allow people to increase their control over their health and the factors that affect it, with the ultimate aim of enhancing health and its determinants (WHO 1986, 2005). Naidoo and Wills (2000) described three levels of health education as follows, Primary prevention for example immunisation, Secondary prevention for example screening. Then Tertiary prevention which aims to limit complications associated with irreversible conditions, for example cardiac rehabilitation. However, an individuals approach to health promotion will be influenced by their own health beliefs and that of the profession they represent. Ewles and Simnett (2003) outlined a framework of five approaches that demonstrate a range of values and beliefs that are commonly held. A value is an idea or concept that is regarded as worthy, desirable or useful (Moore 2001). And according to Fishbein (1976), a belief is a probability judgement that links some object or concept to some attribute The five approaches are; Medical approach to prevent disease, Behaviour change approach that is persuasive education, Educational approach that provides patients right to make an informed choice, Empowerment approach, this is patient-centred approach that helps patients to identify their own learning needs and, facilitated by a health educator, gain the knowledge and skills they require to make decisions about their health needs and the Social change approach this does not focus on the individual but on society as a whole (Ewles and Simnett 2003). Similarly health promotion interventions can be achieve by adopting the downstream approaches to tackle health behaviours that give rise to problems and upstream approaches to tackle the causes of such behaviours such as alcohol and smoking problem that leads to social exclusion and poverty. To alleviate this problem taxes should be imposed on such items and local employment programmes set up at the upstream to tackle the cause. Health info rmation and behaviour programmes should be provided to solve this problem at the downstream (Mckinlay 1979). THE DISCIPLINES For health promotion to be effective and efficient, it is important to explore a variety of disciplines as well as the use of an available resources and the appropriate evidence base practice (Macdonald and Bunton 2004). The question is which discipline ideas, concepts or theories inform us in promoting health? But generally it has been said that psychology has played an important role in formulating strategies (Bennett and Murphy 1997; Bennett et al. 1995), identifying aims and objectives and suggesting effective approaches for health promotion (Bunton et al. 1991; Bennett and Murphy 1997). Psychology therefore is concerned with the scientific study of the processes of the mind and behaviour and how human and other animals relate to one another with the environment (Colman 1988). It has been found that psychological theories by using communication model of behavioural change has proved successful and reported of positive outcomes for example, according to Boots and Midford (1999), suggested that females were used in campaigning in mass media activities to raised awareness of drivers to stop drinking when driving in Australia. Similarly Petty and Cacioppo (1986) by the use of Elaboration Likelihood Model explained how pre-existing beliefs and interest of an individual as well as the message content (how it is package) has a positive impact in changing behaviour that is the likelihood of a known HIV positive person who is involve in a campaign of promoting National AIDS awareness programmes can effect an increase knowledge, less risky attitudes and a safer behaviour chang e than somebody without the disease (Scollay et al. 1992). It has also been found that the use of the health belief model has given an in-depth understanding about low rates of compliance to screening and prevention recommendations. This type consist of five models, more common are the approaches that increase the barriers to unhealthy behaviours that is by use of increasing taxation in tobacco or alcohol that serves as an effective deterrent with young adults who are more affected by price changes than older adults (Lewit et al. 1981). But Brownson et al. (1995) also affirmed that by imposing restrictions on such items on alcohol without licencing, renders it ineffective that poses political issues and controversy. Also through Social learning theory (SLT), that states behaviour is the product of a relationship between perception and environmental events (Bandura 1997). It has been realised that, behaviours are influenced by two sets of expectancies, the first being the action-outcome that explains the fact that if an individual believes th at a particular action will cause disastrous health problems like smoking causes cancer then the individual sees the outcome as a value. The second being the self-efficacy expectancy, that is if the individual realises that giving up of smoking will reduce the risk of getting cancer then the person places a high value on the behavioural change. These two expectancy beliefs have been found to be effective in helping to resist peer pressure to smoke or the use of drugs (Stacy et al. 1992) and engaging in safer sex practices (OLeary et al. 1992). However it has been argued that behaviour comes as a result of a formal decision making and seems to be habitual and thoughtless (Hunt and Martin 1988). Conversely economics as a discipline has also contributed to health promotion either in a positive or negative way globally. Health economics according to Santerre and Neun (2009) studies the supply and demand of health care resources and the impact of health care resources on a population (p.4). It can also be used to access the impact of tax changes on smoking behaviour, for instance increasing taxes on such item like cigarette would be very effective. Because it will increase the cost of cigarette which will in turn correspond to a reduction in the number of young adult smokers and at the same time reduce the amount of consumption. Similarly the changes in tax do not actually affect the number of adult smokers. On the other hand if taxes are imposed on cigarettes, the disadvantage is that tobacco duty is going to go up which will affect the poor more the rich (Grossman and chaloupka 1997). Economic policies has also threaten the developments of interventions globally for instance, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which was hailed as a new frame work for development that would have propelled and directed change in the spheres of hunger, health and human right, equality and education is being threaten by economic problems of soaring commodity prices, government decisions of misdirecting funds and global slowdown to bring it to reality. For example this will affect the UN population fund, whose agency focuses on maternal and reproductive health which is a major public health issue for instance it has been estimated that, in India the number of women dying during childbirth is highest anywhere in the world that is one woman dying every three to six minutes from preventable causes, yet the country spends less than 0.9% of gross domestic product on public health. On the other hand it would cost the world $6bn to stop women dying during childbirth less than the amount s pent in a day and a half on the military. Also sound economic investment could go a long way to bring success in countries across Asia pushing down the poverty levels. At the same time political priorities, if geared towards health-related MDGs will help save women from dying, reduce child mortality rate, combat HIV/Aids, promote gender equality and eradicate extreme poverty and hunger globally (Holmes 2008). Another discipline of importance is sociology which has also played an effective role in promoting health. Sociology enables us to understand the structure and dynamics of society, it attempts to analyse the patterns of human behaviour and individual life changes. It also examines the different forms of social structures like groups, organisations, communities and social categories such as gender, age and race and various social institutions like kinship, political, economic or religious groups that affect human attitudes, actions, values and beliefs as well as opportunities (Thorogood 2004 cited in Macdonald and Bunton 2004). The significance of this has highlighted an understanding into how health and illness affect our everyday life and has also criticised medicine as a tool to support capitalist development and exploitation (Navarro 1974; Doyal and Pennell 1979). According to Illich (1976), medical dominance has done a lot of harm than good for example the practice of biomedicine has created a lot of sicknesses as a result from the risk of surgery, anaesthesia, effects of drugs and immunisations. This has also open ways to examine and to improve ways of different factors of health issues that is beyond the field of medicine and which the medical world does not have an adept opinion, and sociology can offer an insight into how and why these progressions occur. These also include the family structure, housing problems and employment issues as well as policies and suggest ways to address them (McKeown 1979; Kennedy 1983; Townsend and Davidson 1982). The adoption of health promotion strategies has come under scrutiny in a sense that not only does the approach of information-giving is enough to change a person but then the issue of empowerment model that is gaining greater control and making a free choice (Tones 1986 ). For example health promotion campaign in recent times has not been successful to address the issues relating to educational responses to HIV/AID. There has been various criticism in the approach with regards to norms and values that has been associated to targeted groups and more importantly the ideas and values that binds the campaign which were not expressed (Watney 1988a).The issue of impasse facing government-sponsored programmes between agencies have been emphasised, on one hand and need for appropriate information on a vital public health issue on the other as well as a political and social unwillingness to support the profile of sex (Wellings 1988; Watney 1988b). The reasons for this tension is perhaps the s ensitivity of undertaking any public educational activities which addressed forms of sexual relationship that might misinterpreted and could damage the traditional family values (Jessopp and Thorogood 1990). This can be achieved by carefully adopting a skilful decision-making strategy of acknowledging the individual social and political views as well as the structure of the community and their pre-existing values and beliefs. This will influence the ways in which information is perceived and operated on, decision-making and choice (Thorogood 2004 cited in Macdonald and Bunton 2004). Another area that has been criticised is the concept of evidence-base to inform health promotion policy and practice for achieving health outcomes (Bowen and Zwei 2005). Programmes designed to support evidence-base health promotion (EBHP) are being investigated and discussions are on-going to find out which mechanism could be most effective to support the evidence into policy practice and relevance of practice guidelines. Even though resources can be found in large organisations that are responsible for making sure the implementation of policy and supporting EBHP practices and decision making processes (Davies 2005; Speller et al. 2005), there are well documented barriers that include lack of aptness, lack of relevance of research, mutual mistrust and lack of personal contact between researchers, policy-makers and practitioners, poor quality research, political instability, resource limitations and lack of expert opinion to explain evidence. Though many organisations are making sure to develop strategies to alleviate these barriers, there is still limited published research discovering the experiences of practitioners in the interest of evidence-based resources to inform practices. But in seeking to improve the evidence-base for health promotion and public health a multi-dimensional approach is required (Nutbeam 1999; Tang et al. 2003). CONCLUSION This essay to a large extent has given an insight into understanding the concepts, principles and models of health as well as public health and health promotion as being applied in a national and global context. It has also highlighted in a broader perspective understanding as to the way in which psychology has contributed effectively in a more rigorous application of psychological theories within health promotion interventions and evaluation designs (schaalma et al. 1996). And more also as a discipline to a large extent the contribution made in economics to health Promotion in identifying which forms of health promotion are worthwhile and which is not and therefore provided a framework which enables identification of where the benefits of health promotion justify the cost and to what extent. Lastly understanding the relevance of sociology for health promotion which has helped to outline the broad basis of sociological methods, considering the contribution this method has made or mig ht make and the criticism of health promotion, both in its methods and in its goals and objectives. 2,502

Jacob Essay

The story of Jacob takes place in Genesis 25-36 detailing the events of his life; however, the background setting starts with Abraham and Sarah, in Genesis 12. Jacob was the son of Isaac and Rebekah, the grandson of Sarah and Abraham. Throughout the bible Jacob is known for his trickery; however it is not until towards the end is the fulfillment of Abraham’s promise. The name Jacob actually means trickster. But in the end Jacob makes a full turn He was a very manipulative character and tricked his brother out of his birth right and final blessing. However he then is tricked by Laban. Many would call this karma. Jacob’s character and actions maybe the blame of his parents. The bible shows that his parent were quite different the Abraham and Sarah. Abraham and Sarah for the majority of the story displays them as supportive, working together relationships; however much is not told about the relationship of Isaac and Rebekah. Better yet, not much is mentioned about Isaac at all, this maybe lead to believe that he did not have a significant role in the story. Rebekah is displayed as the more aggressive one while Isaac is considered more passive. Isaac did not go out and find his own wife, his father’s servant went and found one for him; all suggesting that Isaac was passive when it came to taking initiative. During this timeframe, Jacob may have been characterized as a â€Å"momma boy†. Genesis 25:27 says that Jacob stayed in camp while his brother became a skillful hunter. This in turns causes Rebekah to favor Jacob. The relationship between Rebekah and Jacob is similar to that of Joseph and his father. Jacob was much weaker than his brother Esau. The relationship of Jacob and Esau goes beyond traditional sibling jealously; but, it is a story of deceit and robbery. This is evident at birth when Jacob is born holding on to the heel of Esau. By order of birth Esau was entitled to the birthright; however, the promise of blessings was on the life of Jacob. Jacob and Esau had two different personalities. Esau was a hairy man, while Jacob was hairless. Esau was favored by Isaac because â€Å"he had a taste for game† (Genesis 25: 28), meaning Jacob was something Isaac was not or could not have been. Esau had a more carefree personality; he did not take much serious; including his birth right. Many stories of the birthright would say that Jacob stole the birthright; however, it seems as if Esau freely gave his birthright in exchange for food. Esau did not understand the importance of his birthright, but Jacob did. Jacob realized the significance of being born first and the bible even says in verse 34 Esau despised his birthright. Jacob stole the blessing from Esau during his father’s death. Esau felt that his father favored him. He may have even felt that God favored Jacob, because Jacob got his birthright and now got the final blessing from his father. Esau eventually has enough and tried to kill him. Jacob’s relationship with God was impatient in the beginning. In the 26th chapter is when Abraham’s promise begins to be fulfilled. One might question as to why Jacob still received the promises of Abraham after all of the manipulating and deceiving he did. Even though Jacob proved himself to be unfaithful, by tricking Esau, lying to Abimelch, he still received the promises that were promised to Abraham. A famine hit the land and Jacob was still able to prosper, his crops produced one hundred fold, he was rich and even found favor with the Philistines. All these fulfill the promises of Abraham. One might say Jacob’s manipulation finally caught up with. Jacob fell in love with the daughter of Laban who in the end tricks him into marrying his eldest daughter. Laban got 7 years of work from him and then an additional seven years.

The Greatest Threat Of Saudi Arabia - 1317 Words

THE GREATEST THREAT TO SAUDI ARABIA 1LT. ALDAWEES MESHARY MICCC 16-009 CH (MAJ) Martin, William A. 23 September 2016 â€Å"God is great, death to America, death to Israel, curse the Jews,† this is a translation of the Houthi flag. They a are religious militant political movement based in Saada, in northern Yemen called. Houthis by their founder, Hussein al-Huthi, who was killed by Yemeni forces in 2004. This paper will discuss why Iran, working with militant organizations such as the Houthis is the greatest threat to Saudi Arabia. We wonder, what are the implications of the fall of Sanaa on Gulf security in general, and Saudi Arabia in particular? Yemen has geographical limits equal to 1485 km, it is the fourth Arab country after Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq, which has fallen because of Iranian support to the Houthis. Houthis dominated Imran, then surrounded Sanaa and made demands of the Yemeni government and military as they began to see farther and bigger ambitions. Houthis took control of the levers of government, the Yemeni Headquarters of Security, and sided with senior Yemeni Army commanders who had been fired on treason and corruption charges. They then entered government institutions in Yemen. They took control of the oil refinery in Marib and marched to the port of Hodeida, in an attempt to extend their influence from the west coast of Yemen up to the Strait of Bab el-Mandeb. They also refuse to attended negotiations and are today demandingShow MoreRelatedSaudi Arabi Oil And Natural Gas1749 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion One Saudi Arabia is the largest oil and natural gas producer of oil in the world attributed to its vast reservoir (Jasimuddin, 2001). The economic growth seen over the years has been dependent upon exploration and production of oil for local and international market (Jasimuddin, 2001). Oil in Saudi contributes up to 40% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and an approximate 80% of its annual revenue (Elachola Memish, 2016). 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Online English To Chinese Translation Resources

There are many cases in which you might need to translate from English to Chinese. Perhaps you are running a multi-lingual event, need a little guidance with Chinese homework, a native Chinese speaker learning English, or simply curious. For whatever situation, hopefully  this  list of online English to Chinese translation resources beyond Google Translate can be helpful.   English To Chinese Words When translating words, an English to Chinese dictionary can be used for this purpose. There are several online English to Chinese dictionaries, including: YellowBridge Chinese-English Talking DictionaryMandarin Tools Chinese-English DictionaryLexiconer English to Chinese Dictionary English To Chinese Phrases While words are relatively easy to translate from English to Chinese, it is much more difficult to translate phrases. Google Translate allows you to paste in text or specify a web page for translation, but the result is sometimes difficult to understand. English to Chinese phrase translators include: Babel FishBubblesHow To SayReverso Translation Services None of these online translators do a very good job of translating from English to Chinese. If results are critical, you will have to hire an English to Chinese translation service. The ideal English to Chinese translator will be a native Mandarin speaker with a good knowledge of English. Small firms which specialize in English / Chinese language pairs are also a good choice since they usually have both native English speakers and native Mandarin speakers on staff, who work together on translation projects.

I Am Just An Average American Girl - 1726 Words

People think that I am just an average American girl. A regular black girl or whatever they call us these days. I feel as though they are mistaken by the image I display. I hold all my past to myself. Only a hand full of people know the real me. I decided to share my story with you. I was born November 16, 1986 in Greensboro, North Carolina. (My sister was born two and a half years afterwards.) My mother and father, Karlar Arthur and Fletcher Arthur Jr. were good parents. They allowed me to be creative and express myself. (Not when I drew on the walls though.) I started drawing since the day I figured out how to hold a pencil. I did the same types of drawings other children did, but unlike them I had a story to tell with mine. My drawings impressed my teachers. When my mother and father separated, we moved to Miami, Florida. We stayed with family and moved so many times to different locations. My mother became an addict. This led me to love school. School was a way for me to get awa y from what was going on at home. I attended Olinda Elementary School on 22nd avenue and 54th street. My kindergarten teacher was Mr. Michaelchek. I remember this teacher because he was hard. He wanted to see which of his students were gifted and which were regular students. We did every subject in his class. I do not remember doing any science though. He focus a lot on math and reading. I remember one assignment where he was teaching us how to add three digit numbers and everyoneShow MoreRelatedAmerican Media And Its Effects On Society1277 Words   |  6 Pageswell-known practice in American media, but is that the only system in place used to limit diversity? The American media such as television, cinema, modeling/ fashion, and even politics is generally centered around white men and women. People of varying ethnicities, sexual orientations, abilities, and larger body sizes are severely underrepresented. 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Psy 250 Free Essays

Biological and humanistic approaches to personality Jonathan G. Castro PSY 250 October 17, 2012 Andrew R. Moskowitz Biological and humanistic approaches to personality In our world there are different types of people with different types of personalities. We will write a custom essay sample on Psy 250 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many way to describe where they came from through biological or humanistic theories. In my paper I will describe biological factors that are influences to the formation to personality. I will agree to disagree with the theory of biology having an influence on personality. I will break down the basic aspects of humanistic personality theories. Last but not less I will express my opinion on biological and humanistic approach on personality are compatible. Biology revealed many aspects of how the human body works and what it needs to stay healthy. â€Å"In 1953 James D. Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA was structured as a double helix (Friedman Schustack, 2009). This discovery was a huge accomplishment in the study of human biology. Charles Darwin took human biology a step further. Darwin used the fact that not one human being is the same to support his evolutionary personality theory. Darwin believes that humans are â€Å"people evolved directly from more primitive species (Friedman Schustack, 2009). † For example, Brian G. Richmond and David S. Strait wrote an article called â€Å"Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor (Richmond and Strait, 2000). † This article explains that evidence has surfaced proving that humans could have once been gorillas. Psychiatrists’ who use the biological approach believe that your personality comes from your parents’ personalities. In other words, they believed your personality is genetic. When someone is born they have a strong foundation for certain personality. This is the belief we are all born with no personality and we learn what our personality is from our parents. Basically, it is saying that our personality is a learned behavior. It was theorized that â€Å"a natural selection has determined our personality† (Richmond and Strait 2000). We are not born with full fledge personalities when we come into the world. Instead, we are born with a temperament. This is susceptibility towards a certain personality. It does not mean that we keep the same personality all our lives. You can understand people’s temperament by watching children playing. They can be either inhibited or uninhibited. An inhibited child will seem withdrawn and a more of loaner and will watch the other children play instead of playing with the other children. An uninhibited child can start a conversation with another child and play along with the other children† (Richmond and St rait, 2000). A Darwinian approach to that idea would be that over time conditions in the environment caused some gorillas to no longer need to walk on their knuckles, no longer needed huge nostrils in their noses, and so on. Also in that group of gorillas it could have been a need for longer legs and slimmer body sizes for the sole purpose of survival. This, in turn, changed the way those gorillas behaved, furthermore, changing their personality, in which, the human being evolved. â€Å"It is important to note that unique results emerge when certain biological aspects of personality are combined with certain environments (Friedman Schustack, 2009). † The same would go for two children raised by a quiet and withdrawn mother. The one child who inherits the mother’s introverted genes may grow to be like the mother. Whereas the outgoing child, may grow to be more family oriented focused on communicating with all family as a means of being more sociable. Raising those two children in a household with a more outgoing mother, could have caused a reverse outcome. Although this idea does seem to make sense Abraham Maslow believes in a humanistic approach to personality. The humanistic approach to personality focuses on the humanistic nature of the human being, in other words, the qualities of mankind that make humans different from animals. Humanistic people like Maslow believe that every human is born healthy, normal, and good. Maslow believed that all humans need to fulfill needs of human nature such as love, esteem, and self-fulfillment. Maslow believed that humans are like animals to a certain extent. In other words, humans need to feed themselves to survive, drink water to stay hydrated, and sleep to stay energized to survive another day. â€Å"Maslow argued that the correct social conditions are needed to encourage the highest level self-actualization†¦.. We cannot usually fulfill our complete human potential and search for truth and beauty if we lack food, safety, love, and esteem (Friedman Schustack, 2009). † The humanistic approach and the biological approach do have similarities, in which they agree that the human being has needs that should be fulfilled but the two theories also have their differences. For instance, according to Friedman and Schustack the drive to grow and self-actualize is unlike the drives to satisfy hunger, thirst, or libido and thus relieve tension, in that it is not strictly necessary for survival. Maslow divided human needs into categories. These categories are physiological needs (basic biological necessities: food, water, sex, and shelter), safety needs (a sensibly predictable world), belongingness and love needs (psychologically intimate relations with other people), esteem needs (respect for oneself and for others), and self-actualization (peace with oneself) (Friedman Schustack, 2009). Some psychologists, who believe in the humanistic approach to personality, do not question the realness of free will. Whereas psychologists who believe in the biological theory of personality, believe free will is not a real entity. Many modern biologists believe that humans are more intelligent than most animals but they do not believe that humans are at the top of the evolutionary tree. â€Å"Maslow and other humanistic psychologists were particularly irked by B. F. Skinner’s views of personality†¦ Skinner claimed to be studying human psychology by observing pigeons and laboratory rats (Friedman Schustack, 2009). People who believe in the humanistic approach believe that no one is born in a way that hinders him or her from being a good person. People who believe in the biological approach to personality, express that a person cannot help what genes he or she are born with, therefore, cannot help being an angry person or mean spirited because he or she is born that way. The biological and humanistic approaches are just two of the six psychology approaches. The other four are psychoana lytic, trait, behavioral, and cognitive. These are the different approaches to the human personality. Each one describes how can we gain our personalities and what affects them. The approach used depends on the psychiatrists’ and the persons personalities. The effectiveness is determined by our personalities. I believe it is the psychiatrists’ responsibility to get to know the person to determine what approach will work best. In conclusion the humanistic approach to personality is somewhat similar to the biological approach to personality. I believe that personality is a formulation of humanistic and biological aspects that influence a person’s characteristics of his or her personality. I have gathered my own theory and have come to the conclusion that every person is a product of his or her own environment. References Friedman,H. S. Schustack, M. W. (2009, July 15). Personality: Classic theories and Modern Research, Fourth Edition: Retrieved from University of Phoenix: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/ebooklibrary2 Richmond, B. G Strait, D. S. (2000, march). Nature: Evidence that humans evoled from a knuckle-walking ancestor, Nature volume 404:Retrieved from http://www. nature. com/biology/personality How to cite Psy 250, Essay examples

Information and Communication Technology Industry

Question: Discuss about the Information and Communication Technology Industry. Answer: Introduction The term ethics is utilized to define those sets of moral principles that can be utilized for analyzing the behavior of individuals or r groups of people as a whole (Bernstein, 2014).Therefore, ICT ethics can be defined as those moral principles that are utilized for regulating the behavior of the individuals associated with the IT profession (Stoodley, Bruce, Edwards, 2013). The primary aim of this report is to identify the ethical dilemma of the president of the software organization that has developed a faulty tax calculation software. The reasonable and justified responses of the president towards this dilemma would also be highlighted, along with the identification of those requirements of the ACS Code of Ethics that can be utilized in the scenario described in the case study. The decision taken by the president (as depicted in the case study) would also be defended on ethical grounds, besides providing advices to him. Ethical dilemma that the president currently faces The information provided in the case study indicates that the president of the software firm under discussion was aware of the fact that the newly developed tax calculation program has a good number of bugs in it and does not operate properly. However, debugging the entire package would indeed take quite some time and according to the president, the firm would be financially hampered in case any other organization release a similar product within that time. On the other hand, if the faulty product were shipped to the customers, the payment of wrong amounts of tax would lead to financial penalty of the users. These users would eventually press charges on the firm, resulting in both reputational and financial loss of the organization. Thus, the president has to decide whether to take time and debug the package, thus increasing the chances of losing the market share to competitors, or to ship the faulty software packages to customers and be responsible for further consequences. Response according to consequences In case the software packages are shipped to the customers without removing all the bugs present in it, the customers who utilize the same would invariably file incorrect amounts of tax, thus facing strict actions taken by the government. However, it should be taken into consideration that the customers are not aware of the faults included in the software, neither do they intend to file incorrect tax amounts; however, they would face penalties due to the sheer irresponsible attitude of the software firm. On the other hand, if the president instructs the employees of the firm to get rid of all the errors present the software code, the entire process would take considerable amount of time. The president is afraid that any competitor firm might release a similar tax calculation package in the mean time, thus moving ahead in the market competition. The consequences of the first option would indeed be far worse than that of the second. Thus, the president of the software firm should choose the second option of debugging the entire product before release. Response according to consistent application of principles The five primary principles of ethics are: respecting autonomy, fidelity, nonmaleficence, justice and beneficence (Broad, 2014). As the names indicate, these principles consider only those activities to be ethical that respect the autonomy of individuals, do not cause harm to others, maintain the confidence of others, are justified, and provide benefit to others. In case the president encourages the sale of the faulty tax calculation software, it would indeed be an act of breaching the trust of the customers, besides causing them financial loss. The financial loss includes the fines that they would have to pay to the government for not filling taxes correctly. On the other hand, the second option would not do any harm to others: however, any other organization might go ahead in market competition in case they successfully launch a tax calculation program within the time required for debugging the software package in consideration. Thus, the president should instruct the team to debug the software, thus postponing its release and maintain the trust of the customers on their brand name. Duties of the president The duties of the president, in the current scenario, include the following: To maintain the trust of the customers and perform no such activity (knowingly) that might cause harm to them instead of benefitting them. To take a decision that would be justified both for the target customers of the organization and the firm. To take responsibility of the consequences of the decisions that he takes. Response according to the typical response of a caring person Researcher Melden (2013) is of the opinion that the typical response of a caring person includes the following: attentiveness, responsibility, responsiveness and competence. In context to the circumstances depicted in the case study, the president of the IT organization should be much more attentive towards the consequences of following either of the two options available to him. As mentioned in section 3.1, considering the probable outcomes of the two options that the president currently has, not producing the faulty software to the customers would be the most ethical decision. Besides this, the president must be responsive towards the issues that the organization might experience due to decisions taken by him and take the responsibilities of the same. Making a justified decision and taking the responsibilities of the same would also demonstrate the presidents competence in managing the overall operational activities of the software firm. Requirements according to ACS Code of Professional Conduct The following section of the report highlights those particular requirements of the ACS Code of Professional Conduct that need to be followed in the circumstances depicted in the case study. Sl. No Requirement number Justification 1. 1.2.1. a. The president of the software firm should essentially identify those stakeholders who might be penalized by the use of the software (Acs.org.au, 2017). 2 1.2.1. b. The customers should essentially be informed of the fact that the software package contains certain errors and might result in wrong tax calculation. 3 1.2.2. c. The consequence that the customers would face after filing incorrect amount of taxes should be considered. 4 1.2.3. b. Not informing the customers about the faults included in the software would be act of deceiving them. 5 1.2.4. a. The software should not be provided to the customers, until and unless the fault are identified and rectified (Acs.org.au, 2017). 6 1.2.4. e. Informing the customers of the faults of the software would indeed be an ethical decision. 7 1.2.5 b. The president of the software firm should consider the ill effect of releasing a faulty software on their relationship with the clients 8 1.2.5 c. The ICT experts working for the organization should have been encouraged in finding the faults that exist in the software and fix them. 9 1.2.6. f Shipping off an erroneous tool to the customers is equivalent to deceiving them (Acs.org.au, 2017). Ethical argument in defense of the decision taken by the president The president of the software firm had decided to ship off the faulty software to the customers. However, the CDs included a disclaimer stating that the organization would bear the responsibilities of any error cause by the software. The president of the software firm has even encouraged the customer to inform the organization of any error or fault that they experience while using the tool; the same would be resolved in the next version . This particular gesture of the president of the software firm indicates that he or she is well aware of the fact that using the software package might make the customers face certain issues: however, he is willing to take responsibilities for the same. The entire situation also reflects the fact that he does not want to deceive the customers, nor is he willing to ruin the existing business relationship with them. The fact that the president does not wish to deceive the customers and is willing to take responsibility of all the consequences they face makes his decision ethical to some extent. Conclusion The ethical dilemma of the president of lied in the fact that options available to him would either lead to the penalization of the customers or considerable financial loss to the organization. Three responses to this dilemma have been provided in the report, considering the consequences of the options, the primary principles of ethics, and the duties of caring person. In the light of the discussions made in the report, the following advices are being made to the president: Make test versions of the software available to customers, free of cost. Encourage the customers to participate in the debugging phase. Making the test version available to the customers would indeed act as a promotional activity, besides making the task of identifying the bugs faster. Following the second advice would serve the same purpose. Bibliography Acs.org.au,.(2017). Retrieved 4 January 2017, from https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/ACS%20Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf Bernstein, J. M. (2014).Recovering ethical life: Jurgen Habermas and the future of critical theory. Routledge. Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Kim, H. S., Kim, J. M., Lee, W. G. (2014). IE behavior intent: A study on ICT ethics of college students in Korea.The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher,23(2), 237-247. Markus, M. L., Mentzer, K. (2014). Foresight for a responsible future with ICT.Information Systems Frontiers,16(3), 353-368. Melden, A. (2013).Ethical theories. Read Books Ltd. Stoodley, I., Bruce, C., Edwards, S. (2013). 12. Experiential ethics education for IT professionals.Professionalism in the Information and Communication Technology Industry,3, 233. van Oortmerssen, G. (2014, May). Ethics and ICT: Beyond design. InEthics in Science, Technology and Engineering, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Weckert, J., Lucas, R. (2013).Professionalism in the information and communication technology industry. ANU Press. Whitehouse, D., Duquenoy, P., Kimppa, K. K., Burmeister, O. K., Gotterbarn, D., Kreps, D., Patrignani, N. (2016). Twenty-five years of ICT and society: codes of ethics and cloud computing.ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society,45(3), 18-24.